School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Achieving Individualization Using Autosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Markers

Document Type

Book Chapter

Publication Date

5-16-2025

Abstract

The individualistic potential of DNA molecular markers has been demonstrated since Alec Jeffreys used them for the first time in 1987 to identify and individualize Colin Pitchfork. DNA molecular markers are unique because while 99.9% of human DNA sequences are shared by all humans, 0.1% are unique to each individual, and the likelihood of two unrelated individuals having the same DNA sequence is approximately 1 in 594.1 trillion. In light of this, the use of autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers has now become the gold standard in identification and individualization as forensic science develops at the nexus of genetics and criminology. This chapter discusses achieving individualization using autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers. In forensic investigations, STR typing enables the creation of unique genetic profiles by selectively amplifying specific DNA regions. This technology has played a pivotal role in solving crimes by linking suspects to crime scenes or excluding innocent individuals from suspicion. Its high sensitivity allows for the analysis of minute DNA samples, redefining the resolution of cold cases and contributing to the swift identification of perpetrators. Paternity testing relies extensively on STR markers to determine biological relationships. The unique inheritance patterns of these markers enable precise identification of parentage, offering conclusive and scientifically rigorous results. Beyond paternity testing, STR markers find application in relationship testing, providing valuable insights into siblingship and other familial connections. In the context of missing persons and disaster victim identification, STR typing emerges as a crucial tool. By matching DNA profiles from unidentified remains with potential relatives, families can find closure and proper arrangements for the deceased. In addition, the rapid and accurate identification of victims in mass disasters is facilitated by the use of STR markers, streamlining disaster response efforts. Due to the high polymorphic nature and stability of STRs, which are short repetitive DNA sequences (2–6 bp) that make up around 3% of the human genome, they have emerged as the gold standard in forensic identification and individualization.

Comments

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Publication Title

Advances in Forensic Biology and Genetics

DOI

10.1007/978-981-96-4585-5_14

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