School of Medicine Publications
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
8-2026
Abstract
Background and objective: The global rise in the incidence of diabetes mellitus necessitates innovative management strategies to mitigate the severity of the disease. The mainstay of diabetes treatment is still insulin therapy, although there are drawbacks, such as the need to maintain ideal glycemic control while lowering the risk of hypoglycemia and user fatigue. The development, clinical usefulness, and constraints of insulin delivery systems are examined in this narrative review, with particular attention to sensor-augmented and closed-loop technologies.
Methods: A thorough electronic database search was conducted to obtain pertinent data on major insulin delivery devices, including sensor-augmented and closed-loop systems. We studied advancements in insulin delivery systems over time and their impact on the management of diabetes mellitus. We thoroughly examined both qualitative and quantitative data to summarize our conclusions.
Key content and findings: Closed-loop insulin delivery systems, which combine insulin pumps, advanced control algorithms, and continuous glucose monitoring, are the next step forward in the treatment of diabetes. These systems autonomously regulate blood glucose levels, reducing the need for user intervention. Closed-loop devices outperform sensor-augmented pump (SAP) treatment in reducing hypoglycemia, extending the time-in-range, and lowering self-management responsibilities. In order to provide real-time control, closed-loop systems dynamically modify insulin delivery in response to glucose variations by using algorithms powered by artificial intelligence. Because SAP therapy depends more on user input and may not be as successful in providing consistent glycemic control, this capability helps overcome its drawbacks. Further improving overall safety and efficacy, the closed-loop technique decreases blood glucose variability.
Conclusion: The two primary developments in diabetes care are sensor-augmented and closed-loop insulin devices, which offer better glucose control and lower hypoglycemia rates compared to traditional therapies. Closed-loop insulin delivery systems seem to be a more clinically successful option for controlling diabetes mellitus than SAP therapy.
Recommended Citation
Saleem, N. U. A., Arshad, F., Qadri, M., Mushtaq, M. S., Khan, M., Shakoor, P., ... & Omole, A. E. (2026). From algorithm to alarm: a narrative review on insulin delivery innovation. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 88(8), 5175. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000005307
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
DOI
10.1097/MS9.0000000000005307
Academic Level
faculty
Mentor/PI Department
Medical Education
Comments
Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.